Death And Its Effects On The Reality Of Death - 1423 Words

They were afraid of dying but there were even more afraid to show it. They found jokes to tell. They used a hard vocabulary to contain the terrible softness. Greased they d say. Offed, lit up, zapped while zipping. It wasn t cruelty, just stage presence. They were actors. When someone died, it wasn t quite dying, because in a curious way, it seemed scripted, and because they had their lines mostly memorized, irony mixed with tragedy, and because they called it by other names, as if to encyst and destroy the reality of death itself. pg. 19 To someone just picking up this book, this scene would simply look like some poor soldiers developing a temporary and innocent coping mechanism to deal with Death as they face him head on. But†¦show more content†¦One character is obviously the comic relief, another the beloved hero. The rest, valiant men fighting for their country, their lives, their freedom. The scene ends and the curtain rises, all of the pseudo soldiers take a bow and go home to their normal lives, far from the hands of death that grasp at the men forgotten in Vietnam, the real soldiers. They, who saw the hardships of war as more than just a script, beyond the glamorized versions that are seen by the American eyes. They saw the death and the tragedy, slowly becoming worn down into less of a human and more of a desensitized killing machine because that s what war does. It permanently scars the soldiers, tearing away the feeling of loss and inappropriately replacing it with comedy, showing that war is destructive, stealing away an ounce of humanity with each bullet. As seen in The Things They Carried, written by Tim O Brien, the Vietnam War destroyed the minds of soldiers, causing them to lose their human emotions in an unglamorous setting, devaluing death as they lose their ability to appropriately handle situations. Center stage stands a man, young and valiant, seemingly fearless. Well, until a bullet collides with his brain and he loses his id entity as Ted Lavender and adapts his new one as another tally of the total number of men killed in action. But he is not actually killed. No, he is greased they d say.

Human Anatomy And The Physiology Of The Body At The...

Born into a family of engineers and accountants, a career in medicine did not immediately strike me as the obvious choice until high school. Being a recreational gymnast for most of my life, I have always been fascinated with human anatomy. However, I discovered my interest in science after taking an advanced biology class with a dissection component which made me awestruck, appreciate the anatomy and made me want to study the physiology of the body at the molecular scale. Dissections demanded a precision which enticed the artist in me. While still in high school in India, I discovered that I exceptionally enjoyed being with people and making them feel better in any capacity whether it was volunteering with blood drives or a school for deaf and speech impaired children. It struck me that there was a vast need for people to be in every corner of the earth helped whether they were ill, homeless, or depressed and lonely. I was intrigued by medicine towards the end of high school and the desire to become a physician was confirmed in freshman year of college. When I moved to Canada for undergraduate school, I furthered my interest in science by tutoring, as I enjoyed educating people and going on research laboratory rotations for a couple of weeks. A supervisor at one of the labs mentioned that my skill set would be much better suited for medicine than for bench science because she felt I was not able to fully emerge on account of me being unable to use some of the skills IShow MoreRelatedOverview Of Chemistry766 Words   |  4 Pageslonger functional parts of the body. Through this discovery, our understanding of the human body alongside its healing process would not only be expanded, but could further uncover more efficient methods of improving our health in swift manners. As described in research published in the journal Scientific Reports, an interdisciplinary team at the Department of Chemistry as well as the Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics at Oxford and the Centre for Molecular Medicine at Bristol, analyzedRead MoreAphy 101 Midterm Study Guide Essay1189 Words   |  5 Pagesfrom Ch. 6. Chapter 1 †¢ Explain the difference between the study of Anatomy and the study of Physiology? †¢ Name and define the levels of organization of life? †¢ Define metabolism. †¢ Define homeostasis? How does a homeostatic mechanism maintain homeostasis? †¢ What is meant by negative feedback? How does negative feedback affect homeostatic mechanisms? †¢ Know the locations of the major body cavities. Be familiar with major organs within each cavity. †¢ DescribeRead MoreNervous Systems And The Nervous System1386 Words   |  6 Pagessystem of nerve cells and fibres that transmit electrical impulses throughout the whole body. The nervous system is made up of two systems; the central nervous system or CNS and the peripheral nervous system or PNS. The CNS is made up of the brain and the spinal cord (see Figure 1.0 below), these are protected by bone and cushioned by cerebrospinal fluid, and the PNS is the nervous around the rest of the body. The PNS consists of motor neurons, sensory neurons, somatic nervous system, autonomic nervousRead More13b - Distribution and Constituents of Fluids P3 M22891 Words   |  12 Pagesconstituents of fluids P3: Distribution and constituents of body fluids – M2: Explain functions of the constituents of body fluids - Constituents of body fluid - The human body consists mostly of water, and is a major constituent to the human body and vital organs; of this 90% include blood plasma, lymph, urine, saliva, digestive juices, bile, cerebrospinal fluid and tissue fluid. Water enables substances to be transported throughout the body, red blood cells for example, as wells as supplyingRead More13B Distribution and constiuents of fluids P3 M2 2771 Words   |  12 Pagesconstituents of fluids P3: Distribution and constituents of body fluids – M2: Explain functions of the constituents of body fluids - Constituents of body fluid - The human body consists mostly of water, and is a major constituent to the human body and vital organs; of this 90% include blood plasma, lymph, urine, saliva, digestive juices, bile, cerebrospinal fluid and tissue fluid. Water enables substances to be transported throughout the body, red blood cells for example, as wells as supplying theRead MoreNihms4511 Words   |  19 PagesMicrobiol. 2011 April ; 9(4): 244–253. doi:10.1038/nrmicro2537. The skin microbiome $watermark-text Elizabeth A. Grice and Julia A. Segre Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892–4442, USA. Abstract $watermark-text The skin is the human body’s largest organ, colonized by a diverse milieu of microorganisms, most of which are harmless or even beneficial to their host. Colonization is drivenRead MoreMajor Themes in the Theory of Evolution Essay2101 Words   |  9 Pagesaround us changes. This simple fact is obvious everywhere we look. Streams wash dirt and stones from higher places to lower places. Untended gardens fill with weeds. Other changes are more gradual but much more dramatic when viewed over long time scales. Powerful telescopes reveal new stars coalescing from galactic dust, just as our sun did more than 4.5 billion years ago. The earth itself formed shortly thereafter, when rock, dust, and gas circling the sun condensed into the planets of our solarRead MoreThe Evolution Of Allergies On Homo Sapiens2719 Words   |  11 Pagescan severely disrupt everyday life. With so many suffering from allergies it is no surprise that this area of health has been thoroughly studied. Interestingly enough though, while we do know what happens in the human body during an allergy attack there is still debate as to why we as humans evolved allergic disorders in the first place. On a biological level, when an allergen enters your system it triggers a Type 2 immune response (Pulendran, Artis, 2012). Th2 cells and IgE antibodies control thisRead MoreThe Cardiovascular and Muscular Systems2798 Words   |  12 PagesViviana Colon Professor Jill McMillin G150/PHA1500 Section 08 Structure and Function of the Human Body May 30, 2010 The Cardiovascular and Muscular Systems Organ system is a group of organs that work together to perform a certain task.   Humans have a variety of systems due to the complexity of the species organism. The human body consists of biological systems, that consist of organs, that consist of tissues, that consist of cells and connective tissue. Although an organ has aRead MoreTransplantation in animal models how much efficiently can be translated in human diseases? A main2300 Words   |  10 PagesTransplantation in animal models how much efficiently can be translated in human diseases? A main issue widespread to all disease areas is the validity of any single model or group of models (McGonigle, 2013); indeed a set of criteria has been proposed to evaluate an animal model for CNS disorders (Willner, 1984). In order to study a human pathology the choice of an appropriate animal model for preclinical study is mandatory since it will allow a more feasible translation to clinical study. In this

Analyzing Marketing free essay sample

Different definition of marketing and critically analyze them Marketing comes in a wide variety of flavors based on audience, media platform and business in today’s evolving and dynamic marketplace. Therefore, it is no surprise that marketers define what they do differently. Marketing is the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion and distribution of ideas, goods and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational objectives. This definition clearly places marketing as a process. Within most organizations this process is managed by the marketing function. Baker (1), Bernard and Brown (2) among others, however, have argued that in addition to being a function, marketing is clearly an organizational philosophy- an approach to doing business. This approach is exemplified by the quote of Professor Stephen Burnett, appearing in the preface to the 6th edition of the influential marketing text by Philip Kotler (3): In a truly great marketing organization you can’t tell who’s in the marketing department. Everyone in the organization you can’t tell who’s in the marketing department. Everyone in the organization has to make decisions based on the impact on the customer. In addition King 4 has criticized too narrow perspective on marketing- confining it to what a â€Å"bolt on† marketing department does- and recommends a broader interpretation of terms. Despite the current levels of interest in defining the domain of marketing, and in particular the function- philosophy debate, few studies have focused on what marketing means. The generally accepted European definition of marketing is given by the Chartered Institute of Marketing (CIM). It might be wise to commit this particular definition to memory: Marketing is the management process responsible for identifying, anticipating and satisfying consumer requirements profitability. Some writers use the terms ‘need’ and ‘wants’ rather than customer ‘requirement’. Kotler(1991) one of the world’s leading academics in marketing, defines a ‘need’ as a basic requirement such as food, shelter, self-esteem, etc. He defines a ‘want’ as a particular way of satisfy a ‘need’. For e. g, a person may need food, but he or she may not necessarily want beans on toast! A more technical definition is given for marketing by the American Marketing Association: Marketing is the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion and distribution of ideas, goods and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational objectives. Although this definition is not as concise as that provided by the CIM, it is more correct, as the CIM definition highlights the ‘profitability’ criterion. To look at marketing as a business philosophy is to take a hostilic view of the discipline. This approach is explained by Peter Drucker (1954): Many people think of marketing only as selling and advertising. And no wonder-everyday we are bombarded with television commercials, Newspaper ads, direct-mail campaigns, and sales calls. However, selling and advertising are only the tip of the marketing iceberg. Although they are important, they are only two of many marketing functions and are often not the most important ones. Today marketing must be understood not in the old-sense of marketing- â€Å"telling and selling†- but in the new sense of satisfying customer needs. If the marketer does a very good job of understanding consumer needs; develops product that provide superior value; and prices, distributes, and promotes them effectively, these products will sell very easily. Thus selling and advertising are only a part of a larger â€Å"marketing mix† – a set of marketing tools that work together to affect the market-place. References (1) Baker, M. J. , marketing an introductory text, 4th edition, Macmillan, london, 1985 (2) Bernard, K. N, â€Å"functional practice and conceptual function-the inherent dichotomy of marketing,† journal of marketing management, vol. 3 no. 1, 1987, pp 73-82. 3) brown, r. j, â€Å"marketing- a functional and a philosophy,† the quarterly review of marketing. vol. 12 nos 3 and 4, 1987, pp 25-30 (4) Kotler. P. C. , Marketing Management, 6th edition, prentice-hall international, 1988 (5) king, s. , â€Å"has marketing FAILED OR was it never really tried,† Journal of marketing management, v ol. 1 no. 1, 1985, pp 1-19 mostaque, a. z, a synthesis model of market orientation for a developing country- the case of Bangladesh, 2003 p17 (6) mcKitterick, JB. 1957, â€Å"what is marketing management concept? † in The frontiers of marketing thought and science frank m. bass, ed. American marketing association, Chicago. pp71-92 (9) Kotler, P. 1998, Marketing Management, Prentice hall, New Jersey (10) Walker et al. (1992) Walker O. C. , Boyd, H. W. and Larreche, J. C. 1992, Marketing Strategy: planning and implementation, Irwin, Homewood, Illinois b) The marketing process- Once the strategic plan has defined the company’s overall mission and objectives, marketing plays a role in carrying out these objectives namely: SWOT and PEST SWOT: SWOT analysis is a straightforward model that analyzes an organization’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats to create the foundation of marketing strategy. Strengths: Reviews the business’ current strengths such as a good brand or strong sales performance. Possible strengths in marketing might be: Specialist marketing expertise, location of business if convenient for customers and the reputation of the brand. Weaknesses: Reviews the business current weaknesses such as poor response times to requests for information or late deliveries. Possible weaknesses might include: lack of a clear product differentiation compared with competing products, inadequate online presence. Opportunities: Reviews the business’ future opportunities like new technology. These factors included the specific opportunities existing within the market that provide a benefit, including market growth, lifestyle changes, resolution of competitors to promote an increase in demand for the products or services. Threats: Threats are similar to weaknesses. A threat in marketing SWOT shows how a company is vulnerable to developments in the marketplace. The primary and ever-present threat is competition. However, other threats can include unsustainable price increases by suppliers, increased government regulation, economic downturns. Swot analysis may help in the creation of a contingency plan that will enable quickly and effectively issues that arise. PEST: A PEST analysis is used to identify the external forces affecting an organization. This is a simple analysis of an organization’s Political, Economical, Social and Technological environment. A PEST analysis incorporating legal and environmental factors is called a PESTLE analysis. Political: The first element of a PEST analysis is a study of political factors. Political factors influence organizations in many ways. Political factors can create advantaged and opportunities for organizations. Economical: The second element of a PEST analysis involves a study of economic factors. All businesses are affected by national and global economic factors. The climate of the economy dictates how consumers, suppliers and other organizational stakeholders such as suppliers and creditors behave within society. Social: The third aspect of PEST focuses its attention on forces within society such as family, friends, colleagues, neighbours and media. Social forces affect our attitudes, interests and opinions. Technological: The fourth element of PEST is technology. Technology advances have greatly changed the manner in which businesses operate. Technology has created a society which expects instant results. This technological revolution has increased the rate at which information is exchanged between stakeholders. A faster exchange of information can benefit businesses as they are able to react quickly to changes within their operating environment. Marketing Strategy An organization’s strategy that combines all of its marketing goals into one comprehensive plan. A good marketing strategy should be drawn from market research and focus on the right product mix in order to achieve the maximum profit potential and sustain the business. It is the foundation of a marketing plan. Segmentation: An organization cannot satisfy the needs and wants of all consumers. Segmentation is simply the process of dividing a particular market into sections, which display similar characteristics or behavior. The company identifies different ways to segment the market and develops profiles of the resulting market segments. There are a number of segmentation variables that allow an organisation to divide their market into homogenous groups. These variables are: Geographic Segmentation: Geographical segmentation divides markets into different geographical areas. It calls for dividing the market into different geographical units, such as nations, states, religions, countries or cities. Climatic differences can lead to different lifestyles and eating habits. In countries with warm climates, social life takes place outdoors and furniture is less important. Demographic Segmentation: Demographics originate from the word ‘demography’ which means a ‘study of population’. It consists of dividing the market into groups based on variables such as age, gender, sexual orientation, family size and so on. Demographic factors are the most popular bases for segmenting customer groups. Customer needs, wants and usage rates often vary very closely with demographic variables. As people’s age change, their needs and wants change. Gender segmentation is commonly used within clothing, hairdressing, cosmetic and magazines. Psychographic Segmentation: Although demographic segmentation is useful, marketers can use alternative segmentation variables which aim to develop more accurate profiles of their target segments. Psychographics segmentation can be broken down into social class, lifestyle and personality. Marketing Mix: The 4ps The marketing mix deals with the way in which a business uses price, product, distribution and promotion to market and sell its product. The marketing is often referred to as the â€Å"Four P’s†- since the most important elements of marketing are concerned with Price, Product, Place and Promotion. Price: Price includes the pricing strategy of the company for its products. How much a customer should pay for a product? Pricing strategy not only relates to the profit margins but also helps in finding target customers. Pricing decision should take into account profit margins and the probable pricing response of competitors. A company’s pricing decisions are affected both by internal and external factors. Product: Product is the actual offering by the company to its targeted customers which also includes value added stuff. Product may be tangible or intangible. It is also defined as anything that is offered to a marketer for attention, acquisition, use or consumption and that might satisfy a want or a need. Product planners need to be thinking about products on 3 levels; the core, the actual and the augmented product. The core product answers the question: what is the buyer really buying? The actual product may have 5 characteristics: quality level, features, styling, a brand name and packaging. The augmented product is the additional services and benefits. Place: Marketing channel decisions are among the most important decisions that management faces. A company’s channel decisions are linked with every other marketing decision. The company’s pricing depends on whether it uses mass merchandisers or high-quality speciality stores. Promotion: Marketing calls for more than just developing a good product, pricing it attractively and making it available to customers. Companies must also communicate with current and prospective customers and what they communicate should not be left to chance. A company’s total marketing communications mix- also called its promotion mix consists of a blend of advertising, personal selling, sales promotion, public relations and direct marketing tools. Forms of promotion involves- advertising, personal selling, public relations. The Marketing book, edited by Michael John Baker, Susan J. Hart 6th Ed. Elsevier/ Butterworth- Heinemann 2008 Entrepreneurship Marketing: Principles and Practice of SME Marketing; Sonny Nwankwo 2010 Principles of Marketing, Pearson Custom Business Resources Series; Philip Kotler, Gary Armstrong, 13th edition, Prentice Hall 2010, Pennsylvania State University http://www. businessdictionary. com/definition/marketing-strategy. html#ixzz2SOetHLCP C) There are different concepts that guide sellers to conduct their marketing activities. For e. g. sellers can only focus on production and try to reduce their cost of production, or focus on improving the quality of product. Similarly they can pay more attention to selling and promotion. In this way different concepts have evolved to help the organization in managing their marketing activities. These concepts are: production, product, selling, marketing and societal marketing. The production concept holds that consumers will favor products that are available and highly affordable. It also refers to the philosophy that supply creates its own demand. It means that the sale will increase automatically with the increase in production and production facilities. This concept is one of the oldest philosophies that guide sellers. The production is still a useful philosophy in two types of concepts. For e. g. if the management is trying to reduce the cost of production then it can do so by increasing the production. With increase in production, economies of scale takes place and the cost of production reduces, which helps to reduce the prices. And the second way it is useful is when demand for a product exceeds the supply. Here management should look for ways to increase production. Another major concept guiding sellers, the product concept states that consumer will favor products that offer the most in quality, performance, and innovative features. Thus, an organization should devote energy to making continuous product improvements. So basically, this concept is about to attract the customers by improving the quality and performance on one hand and on one hand and offer attractive price in other. Some manufacturers mistakenly believe that if they can â€Å"build a better mousetrap†, consumers will beat a path to their door just for their product. The product concept can also lead to â€Å"marketing myopia† the failure to see the challenges being presented by other products. Many organizations follow the selling concept, which holds that consumers will not buy enough of the organization’s products unless it undertakes a large-scale selling and promotion effort. This concept is typically practiced with unsought goods (those that buyers do not normally think of buying) for e. g. burial plots. There is high risk in such marketing because the organizations try to sell the product whether the buyers like it or not. Most studies show that dissatisfied customers do not buy again and this can really spoil the reputation of the organization. There are not only high risks with this approach but low satisfaction by customers. According to marketing concept, organizations should focus to analyze the needs and wants of target market, and provide the desired satisfaction more effectively than competitors do. The marketing concept has been stated in colorful way, such as â€Å"We make it happen for you† (Marnott); â€Å"To fly, to serve† (British Airways). JCPenney’s motto also summarizes the marketing concept: â€Å"To do all in our power to pack the customer’s dollar full of value, quality and satisfaction. † The marketing and selling concepts are often confused. The selling concept takes an â€Å"inside-out† perspective. It starts with the factory, focuses on the company’s existing products, and calls for heavy selling and promotion to obtain profitable sales. It focuses heavily on customer conquest- getting short-term sales with little concern about who buys or why. In contrast, the marketing concept takes an outside-in perspective. It starts with a well-defined market, focuses on customer needs, and coordinates all the marketing activities affecting customer relationship based on customer value and satisfaction. Under this concept, companies produce what consumers want, thereby satisfying consumers and making profits. Many successful and well-known companies have adopted the marketing concept. Proctor amp; Gamble, Disney, Wal-Mart, Marriot, Nordstrom and MacDonald’s follow it faithfully. L. L Bean, the highly successful catalog retailer of clothing and outdoor sporting equipment, was founded on the marketing concept. In 1912, in his first circulars L. L Bean included the following notice: â€Å"I do not consider a sale complete until goods are worn out and the customer still is satisfied. We will thank anyone to return goods that are not perfectly satisfactory†¦ Above all thing, we wish to avoid a dissatisfied customer. † Today L. L. Bean dedicates itself to giving â€Å"perfect satisfaction in every way. † The last concept is the societal marketing concept. It focuses to improve the well-being of customers and society as a whole. It also holds that organizations should determine the needs, wants and interest of target markets. It should then deliver superior value to customers in a way that maintains or improves the customer’s and the society’s well-being. The societal marketing concept is the newest of the five marketing management philosophies. It questions whether the pure marketing concept is adequate in an age of environmental problems, resource shortages, rapid population growth, worldwide economic problems, and neglected social services. According to societal marketing concept, the pure marketing concept overlooks possible conflicts between short-run consumer wants and long-rum consumer welfare. The societal concept calls upon marketers to balance three considerations in setting their marketing policies: company profits, customer wants and society’s interest. Originally, most companies based their marketing decisions largely on short-run company profit. Eventually, they began to recognize the long-run importance of satisfying customer wants, and the marketing concept emerged. Now many companies are beginning to think of society’s interests when making their marketing decisions. marketing in a changing world: creating customer value amp;

The Prevalence Of Breast Cancer Among Black Women Essays - RTT

The Prevalence Of Breast Cancer Among Black Women Exploring the Growth of Breast Cancer Among African American Women Breast cancer develops as an abnormal growth of cells accumulate within the breast. Recent studies have proven that White women have a higher risk of developing breast cancer than African American women, yet we as African American women are at a higher risk of dying from the disease. There is however, one possible link to the higher mortality rate in breast cancer among Black women. We as African Americans tend to stray from the healthcare setting. This could be due to insufficient funds, lack of knowledge, and, or desire to receive medical attention. Many times when a problem such as breast cancer arises, the cancer isn't tactfully presented to the healthcare provider. Breast cancer must be detected early so medical attention could be provided as soon as possible. Delayed treatment and unhealthy dietary habits, such as obesity, and high fat content -noticed in Black women especially, tend to increase the risk of developing breast cancer. An annual mammogram should be performed for women over forty. Every woman however, should perform a monthly self-examination of the breast. Breast cancer strikes one in eight women, and should be taken very seriously. Human Sexuality

Corporate Social Responsibility Essay Example

Corporate Social Responsibility Essay Example Corporate Social Responsibility Essay Corporate Social Responsibility Essay Corporate social responsibility is a concept that has been around for decades. It emerged as an issue when law makers, stakeholders, and the general public began focusing on ethical and responsible corporate behavior, also referred to as corporate citizenship (Carroll, A. , 1998). According to Carroll (1998), there are four facets of corporate citizenship. These facets are: 1) corporate fulfilling their economic responsibilities and be profitable, 2) corporate obeying the law, 3) corporate being ethically responsible, and 4) corporate making charitable contributions, however, defining socially responsible corporate behavior Is not a straightforward exercise (Campbell, J. L. , 2007, p. 950). According to Campbell (20071 socially responsible behavior may vary depending on ones point of view. Therefore, care must be taken In how the concept Is used and defined. In Dalton, Campbell (2007) discusses the behavioral threshold below which describes how some corporations no longer behave in socially responsible ways, as well as focusing on conditions of why firms are more likely to behave in socially responsible ways. Campbell explores relationships between the economic health of the company and the likelihood of its Ewing socially responsible. Based on the information described above, we will analyze the corporate citizenship policy of our selected corporation, Cataracts. Cataracts was founded in 1971 in Cattles historic Pike Place Market. It started as a narrow storefront offering some of the worlds finest fresh-roasted whole bean coffees. The whole concept of good coffee and a place for conversation and community inspired Howard Schultz to purchase Cataracts in 1987. Since then, Cataracts has grown exponentially. Based on SEC Quarterly filings, Cataracts netted $10. 4 million in earnings in its May 1996 IQ filing and just eight years later, $540. 7 million in its January 2014 IQ filing. We will analyze its corporate social responsibilities as defined by Campbell (2007), to determine the relationship between its healthy financial condition and its social responsible behavior. In addition, we will make recommendations on what actions Cataracts needs to take or continue to take with regard to their corporate social responsibility. It is one thing for a company to state Its social responsibilities for Its public Image, and another to actually carry them through. Before we delve into the analysis of Cataracts corporate social responsibilities, we determined whether Cataracts actually has a defined corporate social responsibility policy. According to Cataracts website, It projects to the public Its commitment to be good neighbors In the community, offer high-quality, ethically purchased and responsibly produced products, be environmentally responsible, and continue with Its goals to learn more In the area of corporate social responsibility (Cataracts, 2014). Corporate Social Responsibility By dolphins defining socially responsible corporate behavior is not a straightforward exercise (Campbell, J. L. , 2007, p. 0). According to Campbell (2007), socially must be taken in how the concept is used and defined. In addition, Campbell (2007) IQ filing and Just eight years later, $540. 7 million in its January 2014 IQ filing. We It is one thing for a company to state its social responsibilities for its public image, actually has a defined corporate social responsibility policy. According to Cataracts website, it projects to the public its commitment to be good neighbors in the products, be environmentally responsible, and continue with its goals to learn more in the area of corporate social responsibility (Cataracts, 2014).

Find Out Where Killer Whales Live

Find Out Where Killer Whales Live Despite their prevalence in marine parks such as SeaWorld, killer whales (otherwise known as orcas) are a wide-ranging cetacean species in the wild. Learn more about where killer whales live and how they survive. Killer whales are found in all of the worlds oceans. In fact, the Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals states that they are second only to humans as the most widely distributed mammal in the world. You can see a killer whale range map on the IUCN site. These animals seem to prefer cooler waters, but may be found from warm waters around the Equator to polar waters. Orcas may enter semi-enclosed seas, river mouths, and ice-riddled areas, in addition to inhabiting waters far out in the open ocean.You may think they only live in deep oceans, but populations have been recorded living for longer periods of time in only a few meters of water.   The question of where killer whales live is complicated by the fact that there is disagreement over how many species of killer whales there are. Studies on killer whale genetics, physical appearance, diet, and vocalizations have led scientists to believe that there are more than one species (or at least subspecies) of killer whales (you can see a great illustration of the different types of killer whales). Once this question is answered, the habitat for various species may become more defined. SeaWorld notes that there are a few different types of Antarctic killer whales in different regions:  Type A killer whales live offshore in water that does not include ice.Type B orcas live in inshore waters of Antarctica and the Antarctic Peninsula; large type B near the pack ice; and small type B venture out to more open waters.Type C killer whales inhabit inshore waters and pack ice. They are most commonly found in the eastern Antarctic.Type D orcas reside in deep, subantarctic waters. The whales move around and can migrate based on where their prey goes. Where Orcas Live Areas where killer whales have been well-studied include: The Southern Ocean around AntarcticaThe Pacific Northwest  (where salmon-eating resident orcas, mammal-eating transient orcas, and shark-eating offshore orcas have been identified)AlaskaNorth Atlantic Ocean (Norway, Iceland, Scotland and the Strait of Gibraltar)On more rare occasions they have been seen in waters off of the Bahamas, Florida, Hawaii, Australia, the Galapagos Islands, the Gulf of Mexico, New Zealand, and South Africa.Rarely, they have been seen in freshwater locations.   Killer Whale Living Relationships Within the populations of killer whales in various areas, there may be pods and clans. Pods are long-term units made up of males, females, and calves. Within the pods, there are smaller units called maternal groups, consisting of mothers and their offspring. Above the pods in the social structure are clans. These are groups of pods that associate over time and may be related to each other. Want to see killer whales in the wild? You can get a list of whale watching sites around the world, many of which offer the opportunity to see killer whales.

Assess the role of ethics and compliance in pepsi-cola financial Essay

Assess the role of ethics and compliance in pepsi-cola financial environment and procedures they have in place to ensure ethical behavior - Essay Example iding principles namely: prioritizing the welfare of the consumers; ensuring the quality of the products they sell; ensuring the integrity in all business dealings especially financial transactions; respecting other people and employing teamwork in all business dealings; including long-term short-term and goals; and embracing diversity as well as ensuring representation of all groups (Ferrell and Ferrell, 2010). Compliance is ensured through committees that formulate resolution strategies and establishes recommendations necessary to support them. The compliance committee is comprised of four subcommittees whereby finance sub-committee is one of them. The finance subcommittee is involved in maintaining financial accountability across all the company structures. PepsiCo commits to achievement of business and financial success that does not negatively affect the society and maintains a favorable reputation. The approach of the company is to ensure that the financial performance is chara cterized by integrity and enhances the shareholder value. According to PepsiCo Inc., (2010a), the company continues to promote impeccable financial performance through balancing both short-term and long-term goals and extending investments in the strategic global regions to compel sustainable growth. The management has also identified challenges that need to be overcome in attaining the company objectives. The management team of PepsiCo monitors the quality indicators in assessing the financial condition and the business results. According to Ferrell and Ferrell, (2010), the company is committed to maintaining strict corporate standards that ensure the integrity and accountability of all the company processes. This commitment is affirmed by the governance standards that the company applies. The policies applied by the company in achieving proper application of governance include Audit Committee Charter, Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation, Corporate Governance Guidelines,

No Topic Necessary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

No Topic Necessary - Essay Example Apparently, the story of Buddha in the myth is intertwined with other deities, especially Christianity (Campbell, 30). These other deities are seen as being weak and temporary as opposed to Buddhism which remains immovable even in the future. Actually, the writer emphasizes the superiority of Buddhism in Oriental antiquity as compared to other deities. In today’s society, comparisons between religious deities and implications of ancient spiritual narratives remain influential. More often, these comparisons are divisive in nature. In the Hero’s story, the hero asserts that Buddha is immovable and superior in the presence of other deities (Campbell, 35). In today’s society, the spiritual heroism of Moses in the Old Testament remains the central narrative in the Jewish religion. Personally, I agree that Moses transformed into a heavenly level when he encountered God around the burning bush at Mont Sinai. Prescription of the Ten Commandments sealed God’s covenant with the Israelites in a similar manner that Gautama linked Buddhists with Buddha. In this context, the spiritual experience of Moses in the Old Testament, which is influential in today’s Jewish and Christian religions, is synonymous to the spiritual adventure of Gautama Sakyamuni in the

Cultural Diversity in India Essay Example for Free

Cultural Diversity in India Essay Cultural Diversity in India India has a history of thousands of years . People have been living in India since the Stone Age. People from different regions of the world came to India. They became one with the Indian culture . From this has evolved the composite Indian Culture. All of us living in different parts of the country are Indians. Though there is a variety in our languages, literature and art, as Indians, we all are one. It is this diversity which has created a sense of unity among the Indians. This diversity has enriched our social life. Indian Languages: Many languages are spoken in India. Hindi English are the two languages used in our country. Marathi is the state language of Maharashtra. Festival Celebrations: People such as Hindus, Muslims, Buddhists, Sikhs, Christians, Jains, and Parsis etc belonging to different live in India. Different festivals are celebrated in India with lots of joys happiness. Agriculture is the main occupation in our country . Many of our festivals are related to agriculture and environment. In Maharashtra, Dassera, Diwalil, Holi in Punjab Baisakhi, in Andhra Pradesh Eruvak Punnam, in Tamil nadu Pongal in Kerala Onam are celebrated. Ramzaam – Id, Christmas, Buddha Pornima, Samvatsari, and Pateti are also important festivals. What ever religious festival all Indians happily participate in it. They greet one another, It increase the feeling of unity among them. Costumes food: We find diversity in the clothing and food habits of Indians. Clothing depends upon the climate, physical feature traditions of the respective regions. There is diversity in our foods habits too, due to climatic conditions crops and other geographical factors. For e. g. he people of Punjab eat dal – roti whereas people living in the coastal areas eat rice and fish. Shelter : In respective of constructions of houses also there is diversity . In the rural areas, many houses have wattle and daub walls. Some houses have tiled roofs. In areas of heavy rainfall, the houses have slopping roofs . In the places with scanty rains have houses with terraced roofs . In big cities, multi – storey buildings are seen. Sports games: Ma ny kinds of games are played in India since ancient times. We play different games such as tip – cat, chess, wrestling, phugadi, malkhamb, lagori, kabadi kho-kho . Modern games are such as hockey and cricket are the two popular games played in India. Sports games have an important place in out life. They help values like co-operation solidarity Sport spirit it is more important than winning or losing. Art: Different arts such as dance, handicrafts, painting and sculpture have flourished in India. Since days of old , India had different styles of music. There are two main styles of Indian classical music. They are Hindustani music Carnatic music. There are many folk music played in India . In India, the tradition of dances is very ancients. We have different variety of folk dances some ancient times; various types of handicrafts have developed in India. Artistic vases baskets and other decorative articles are prepared. The art of painting sculpture has long tradition. It is originated from the Stone age period. For e. g. Ajanta Ellora caves Our country have rich historical heritage. Historical monuments are the wealth of our country. Very few countries in the world have such history and ancients culture.

Burns :: essays research papers

Burns Epidemiology: US – 2M seek serious burns  70k require hospitalizations, 5k die Usually caused by careless and ignorance, nearly half are smoking or alcohol -related. Goal: well healed durable skin with normal function and near-normal appearance. Pathology Cutaneous burns – caused primarily by the application of heat to the skin resulting in coagulative necrosis of some or all of the epidermis and dermis. Depth of burn – depends on heat of the burn source, thickness of the skin, duration of contact, and the blood flow. Classifications: Shallow burns †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First Degree – involve only the epidermis; no blisters; painful and erythematous due to dermal vasodilation; erythema and pain subsides in 2-3 days; desquamation occurs in day 4 †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Superficial Dermal Burns (Second Degree) - include the upper layer of the dermis; form blisters at the interface of the epidermis and dermis; when blisters are removed, wound is pink and wet, and currents of air passing over it cause pain; wound is hypersensitive and blanches with pressure; if without infection, spontaneous healing in 5% TBSA in any age group 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Electrical burns including lightning injury 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Chemical injury 7.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Inhalation injury 8.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Burns of any size in patients with pre-existing medical disorders that could complicate management, prolong recovery, or affect mortality 9.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Burns with concomitant mechanical trauma (e.g. fractures) where the burn injury poses the greatest risk of morbidity and mortality 10.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Burns in children if there are no qualified personnel or equipment for pediatric care at the initial hospital 11.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Burns in patients requiring special social, emotional, and/or long-term rehabilitative support, including cases of suspected child abuse, substance abuse, etc Emergency Care Airway – initial attention must be directed to this; if patient is rescued from a burning building or exposed to a smoky fire, place on 100% oxygen by tight-fitting mask; if patient unconscious, place ET tube attached to a source of 100% oxygen Once airway is secured, assess patient for other injuries and transport to the nearest hospital. Begin fluid administration of crystalloid solution at a rate of approximately 1L/h. Wrap patient in clean sheet, remove constricting clothing and jewelries. Cold application is used in smaller burns, particularly scalds. Ice should not be used. Assessment of Inhalational Injury - suspect for patients with a flame burn, esp in enclosed space. Hoarseness and expiratory wheezes are signs of potentially serious airway edema or smoke poisoning; inspect mouth for swelling, blisters, soot; copious mucus production and carbonaceous sputum are signs of smoke inhalation and other products of combustion; get ABGs and carboxyhemoglobin levels (if >1, smoke inhalation) Burns :: essays research papers Burns Epidemiology: US – 2M seek serious burns  70k require hospitalizations, 5k die Usually caused by careless and ignorance, nearly half are smoking or alcohol -related. Goal: well healed durable skin with normal function and near-normal appearance. Pathology Cutaneous burns – caused primarily by the application of heat to the skin resulting in coagulative necrosis of some or all of the epidermis and dermis. Depth of burn – depends on heat of the burn source, thickness of the skin, duration of contact, and the blood flow. Classifications: Shallow burns †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First Degree – involve only the epidermis; no blisters; painful and erythematous due to dermal vasodilation; erythema and pain subsides in 2-3 days; desquamation occurs in day 4 †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Superficial Dermal Burns (Second Degree) - include the upper layer of the dermis; form blisters at the interface of the epidermis and dermis; when blisters are removed, wound is pink and wet, and currents of air passing over it cause pain; wound is hypersensitive and blanches with pressure; if without infection, spontaneous healing in 5% TBSA in any age group 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Electrical burns including lightning injury 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Chemical injury 7.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Inhalation injury 8.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Burns of any size in patients with pre-existing medical disorders that could complicate management, prolong recovery, or affect mortality 9.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Burns with concomitant mechanical trauma (e.g. fractures) where the burn injury poses the greatest risk of morbidity and mortality 10.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Burns in children if there are no qualified personnel or equipment for pediatric care at the initial hospital 11.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Burns in patients requiring special social, emotional, and/or long-term rehabilitative support, including cases of suspected child abuse, substance abuse, etc Emergency Care Airway – initial attention must be directed to this; if patient is rescued from a burning building or exposed to a smoky fire, place on 100% oxygen by tight-fitting mask; if patient unconscious, place ET tube attached to a source of 100% oxygen Once airway is secured, assess patient for other injuries and transport to the nearest hospital. Begin fluid administration of crystalloid solution at a rate of approximately 1L/h. Wrap patient in clean sheet, remove constricting clothing and jewelries. Cold application is used in smaller burns, particularly scalds. Ice should not be used. Assessment of Inhalational Injury - suspect for patients with a flame burn, esp in enclosed space. Hoarseness and expiratory wheezes are signs of potentially serious airway edema or smoke poisoning; inspect mouth for swelling, blisters, soot; copious mucus production and carbonaceous sputum are signs of smoke inhalation and other products of combustion; get ABGs and carboxyhemoglobin levels (if >1, smoke inhalation)

Team and Small Group Experience

There have a few experiences that I have had, where I have been a member of both a team and a group. There are many similarities as well as differences among a team and a group. One of the biggest and most common similarity is that both of them want to be able to reach a particular goal. The team that I am currently a member of is a women’s basketball team. I am also part of a small group. I met a few local girls through Facebook that have been wanting to loose weight just like me. My team was started up by some friends that wanted to form a league to play for the city. They put some ads on Craigslist and Facebook to see if anyone wanted to try out for the team. After doing the try outs and deciding who was actually going to be on the team, we got together twice per week for a period of one month for practice basketball games. Currently, we are in the â€Å"tournament period† and we play every Tuesday at 7:00 pm with other teams that are also playing with the city. We have three games left before we know how we placed and if we go to finals. After every game we get together for a few minutes and discuss how we did and what we can do to do things better and to strategize. Communication among the team has really made us improved the way that we play and make us better in every game. The group I belong is made up of six girls including myself. We all chat online and make plans, we state our goals and what we want to achieve with them. Each week one of us will make an exercising plan for the entire week and then at the end of the week we meet up somewhere to talk about how we did with our exercise plan. It is not all about work, we also get together to have some fun, like go to the movies, eat dinner or take out our kids to the park. Most of us have lost at least 10 lbs since we started our little group. We just support each other when we are lacking motivation. There are some differences that I noticed between the team and the group. For example, we had to try out for the basketball team. Then we were chosen and assigned to a position by the organizers of the team. We have all been working together to make our team better and become a good and strong team. The group that I am currently was actually made up by a group of friends that just wanted to have a support system to lose weight. We have made sure to always have something going on to help us stay fit or keep helping us lose weight. The team used practice basketball games twice a week and a little get together that we had at the beginning of the season to motivate us and help us to get to know each other. This helped us feel more relaxed at the actual games and to know how each team player was used to playing in the court. The coach and the assistant coach wanted to do these two things to ensure that there was a healthy relationship among the players because in the past not knowing each other had cause much tension in the games, causing many looses. Getting the basketball team together virtually would have not been a good idea. Practices needed to get done and there was no possible way that it could have been done over a computer, The best method of communication for the basketball team was in person, by phone or by text messaging. This methods were used to communicate with each and to be updated on times and location for basketball practices or actual games. My group of fitness pals, is able to interact virtually. We were able to chat via skype, email and use sites such as Facebook to stay in touch with each other. We were also able to interact with each other virtually to make actual plans to meet with each other on a weekly basis in person. Whenever the teams or groups meet exclusive using virtual communications, there is no physical contact, for that reason, the relationship would be more impersonal rather than personal. This is not the case with either the team that I am involved with or the group that I am involved in, since in both cases we do see each other face to face. The team and the group work well the way that they have been communicating and meeting, exclusive virtual communication would not be an option for either of them. Each player on the times played on assigned position, depending on the tryouts and what the coaches thought they would be best at. In the group, every week, a different person would take leadership and make a fitness plan for all of us, she would also plan a day during the week where we could all meet, talk or just hang out in person. It worked out better that way because that way we would not run in to reoccurring exercises or activities. Everyone in the basketball team did the same thing. We all showed up for our practice games and we would also show up 30 minutes before an actual game, just to make sure that we had a complete team. We got sponsored by my husband’s place of employment, so with the sponsorship they also gave us red uniforms for all the girls. Every week our coach assigned one of the team members to bring bottled water for all of the team players. Most of the time all of the players play fairly but in some instances things would get out of hand and the team member would either get benched or even suspended for a game. For the fitness group, there were not many rules. The only thing is that everyone had to participate in some way. Everyone had to take initiative at least once every two months two make plans and set goals on how to lose weight. That same person also had to plan something fun for us to do so that we could meet in person. Status and differences for the team was each individual team player, they had different positions and they each were in charge of covering it on the games. The coach and the assistant coach decided who would start in each position after they held the tryouts and saw us play. In rare occasions the players were change from positions, but mostly we always held our own position. In our fitness group, every week we had someone doing all the planning for our fitness goals and weight loss progress. A certain person would plan and then all of us would follow the plan and at the end of the week meet somewhere and discuss our progress. So basically the only thing that would change is that every week we had a different leader and different fitness plans and weight loss goals. According to the Maslow theory, the team’s belongingness depended on the power of the team players in that position that they were given by the coach and assistant coach to play in. Good self esteem was built because the team players feel that they are doing a good job with their position and in their own way feel that they are helping the team win the games. Safety in the basketball team was very important. All of team players needed to feel protected by one another when playing the game. The small group worked very close and well together. According to Maslow’s belongingness theory, the group worked well because they worked together to achieve a goal that they all had. Esteem was built by the group because we would talk to a daily basis and get together with each other once a week making us have some sort of bond. Each member of the group felt safe with each other because we were all working for the same urpose and we didn’t feel the need to hide anything from each other. In conclusion, I think that the main purpose of working with a team and having specific roles in it is to accomplish a goal. In this case the one goal that the basketball has is to win as many games possible. Working with a does not have many differences from a team, but in my group in particular we all have the same goal, which is too lose weight and get fit. A small difference is that on the group we are all working for ourselves instead of for a victory that belongs to everyone else.

Participation Early Education Essay

Participation in simple terms means to take part in something (Hornby 1995: 844). When referring to children’s rights, the concept is far broader. It is much more than simply asking children for their ideas or opinions. It is about listening to, respecting and understanding children, working in partnership with them, giving children the opportunity to actively make decisions that will result in their ideas becoming reality and their contributions bringing about positive change (Ministry of Social Development 2003). Children’s participation is a right not an optional extra (Participation Works 2012). The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) promotes a rights-based approach to children and states that these rights begin at birth (Alderson 2008: 83). Many of the 54 articles encompass child participation. Articles 6, 7 and 8 refer to a child’s right to life, to a name and to an identity (Unicef n.d). The right to a life, to be a part of society, to participate as a part of the human race make all other rights achievable (Alderson 2008). Article 7 states that every child should have a name and their name should be respected. Giving a child a name and an identity is recognising the child as a unique individual rather than the property of a parent or carer (Alderson 2008: 79). One of the key articles that promote child participation is Article 12: ‘state parties shall assure to the child who is capable of forming his or her own views the right to express those views freely in all matters affecting the child, the views of the child being given due weight in accordance with age and maturity of the child’ (Alderson 2008: 87). Article 12 is about giving children the right to express their views and having them heard. This means actively listening to children by allowing them to communicate their thoughts, feelings or ideas and know that they will be taken on board and respected (Scott et al 2008: 51). There are many whom are critical of this article and are concerned that it may be interpreted in such a way as to manipulate certain situations (Scott et al 2008: 51). The article states that the views of the child will be given due weight in accordance with age and maturity (Alderson 2008: 87). Some feel this may mean that children under a certain age may not be taken seriously nor have their views heard (Scott et al 2008). Alderson believes that babies and very young children are able to express themselves in various ways and get great joy from making choices (2008: 88). The UNCRC outlines child’s rights which protect children and promote welfare (Alderson 2008: 78). These rights illustrate how children and young people can actively participate and contribute to society (Alderson 2008: 78). Adult Roles Childhood has changed significantly and this is primarily due to an alteration in society’s view of children rather than the children themselves (Miller 2003: 14). Children have become the main focus in many households with parents and carers feeling the need to provide for their children in such a way that results in children feeling powerless (Miller 2003: 14). Adults may have a childhood ideal and attempt to enforce this onto their children. This may be an act of love but can do more harm than good (Miller 2003: 14). Adults may make decisions on a child’s behalf to spare them responsibility or by thinking the child is not capable of making those decisions. However this may result in a child feeling as if they have no control over their own life and may remain dependent rather than becoming confident and independent (Miller 2003:14). Decisions that may appear to be insignificant to adults such as what a child wears or what food they can eat, where they go to school or who they are allowed to play with are all extremely important and impact massively on the child’s life (Miller 2003: 15). It is presumed that children are inferior and that adults know better (Miller 2003: 15). Adults may possess more life experience than children but that does not mean that they always know what is right for a child. How a child feels and what they feel is important to them at that moment coupled with adult support is key to establishing a positive outcome that will benefit the child (Miller 2003: 15). Failing to allow child participation can be viewed as control or power. Many adults will use and abuse this power to gain something for themselves (Miller 2003: 15). Some adults may discipline or punish their children in a way that hurts or humiliates the child and will justify their actions as being essential in helping their child develop into a responsible citizen (Miller 2003: 15). In other cases children may be asked for their opinions or views only to have them ridiculed or dismissed. Barriers to Participation Involving children in decision making can be threatening or difficult for adults to achieve. This may be the case with parents/significant others, teachers or with anyone involved in working with children (Miller 2003: 17). Many worry that giving a child a voice and empowering them will lead to family difficulties and disordered classrooms (Alderson 2008: 92). Others find it hard to promote participation amongst younger children without being tokenistic (Scott et al 2008: 47). Some adults are of the opinion that child participation is dangerous and may put children at unnecessary risk (Miller 2003: 17). However if all risks are considered and it is accepted that the child can cope with the risks then the experience would prove beneficial to the child (Miller 2003: 21). If a child is not allowed to take risks within a safe and supported environment they may never experience risk at all (Miller 2003: 21). Allowing children to assess and take risks empowers them and enables them to gain first hand life experience (Scott et al 2008: 49). Handing over complete responsibility and power to a child would not be viable as they would not have the necessary life skills to deal with such an ask (Miller 2003: 21). It is essential to provide support and guidance as well as set boundaries for children in order to protect and nurture whilst empowering (Scott et al 2008: 51). It appears there is an unwillingness to allow children the opportunity to actively participate and this is portrayed well in Professor Roger Hart’s Ladder of Participation. Hart’s ladder was devised as a tool for understanding and portraying different levels of participation. There are eight levels in total on the ladder with each step describing the level of child participation and the adult intervention (Scott et al 2008: 49). The first three steps are manipulation, decoration and tokenism (Scott et al 2008: 49). These refer mostly to adult led activities where children are used or are given a voice but are given very little choice or opportunity for input (Scott et al 2008: 49). As the steps progress the level of adult intervention diminishes and child participation increases. Level 6 is adult initiated and refers to a working partnership between children and adults (Scott et al 2008: 49). Although the activity was initiated by the adult, the children play a part in decision making. The final step is level 8 which is child initiated (Scott et al 2008: 50). This is the step that allows children complete and total participation. They have initiated the project and have actively taken part in the decision making. They have chosen a project or activity that is relevant for them and one in which they feel they will bring about change (Miller 2003: 16 ). The adults take a back seat but are there to fully support and guide the children when necessary (Scott et al 2008: 50). Promoting Participation Child participation should be voluntary; the child should have the right to decide whether or not they want to take part (Miller 2003: 18). In order for children to make that decision they have to be informed about the decision making process and how it works (Miller 2003: 18). This will ensure they understand their own role as well as the roles of others (Miller 2003: 18). It is important for adults to recognise opportunities for child participation and to find ways of encouraging active involvement (Miller 2003: 21). Adults must consider a child’s experience, skills and needs as well as the impact these may have on others. It is important to actively listen to children and to create a safe environment where children are able to express their views and feelings (Scott et al 2008: 51). To promote inclusion it is vital to reach those children and young people who do not readily participate in decision making such as children with disabilities or children with socioeconomic issues (Miller 2003: 19). Adults must identify barriers and try to break these down. Providing an easily accessible environment that is adapted to suit the needs of the children may be one way or providing information and resources in a format that suits the child, i.e. Braille or using sign language (Miller 2003: 19). Information should also be displayed and communicated in a child friendly manner, free from jargon or hidden agenda (Unicef n.d). It is important to support and motivate children during active participation by keeping children informed and up to date (Unicef n.d). Letting children know how their efforts are impacting on a situation will keep them motivated and reassured that their voices are being heard and are making a difference (Unicef n.d). There are many benefits to child participation such as giving children a sense of citizenship; they are using their voices to bring about change (Scott et al 2008: 49). Some other benefits include increased self-esteem and confidence, a sense of being valued and respected, greater responsibility, gaining practical, language and presentation skills and inspiration and motivation (Scott et al 2008: 49). This will in turn impact on the wider society by encouraging citizenship; promote democracy and influence policy (Miller 2003: 17). I feel child participation is vital in ensuring all children are listened to, valued and respected as individuals and as citizens of society. I aim to encourage participation in my workplace setting by actively listening to the children and ensuring I am always available to the children. I will respect the children’s feelings and views and actively acknowledge their feelings in a positive manner. I feel it is important to involve children in decision making and planning. When planning activities I will ensure they are child led and that the children have expressed their interest in the area or topic or have suggested an activity or topic. I will do this by having discussions with the children and asking open questions to ensure children have the opportunity to express their own opinions and thoughts. I believe the area in which children learn should be adapted to suit their needs and should allow for inclusion for all. This may mean ensuring all equipment and resources are easily accessible and are clearly labelled. Children should play an active part in deciding on their snack and I will always encourage children to express their likes and dislikes. Discussing food and children’s opinions on food can empower children to make healthy food choices for themselves. I will endeavour to act in a way which promotes the rights of every child to full participation whilst ensuring their protection and Conclusion It is clear that children’s voices are being heard and that there are opportunities for children to participate in bringing about positive change for the future. However there are still many barriers and hurdles that prevent children from feeling as though they have a choice or that having a choice will actually make a difference. The main barrier may indeed be attitude and the consensus that children simply can’t do what adults can do for them. I feel that children are in fact the teachers and adults can learn a great deal from them if they were only willing to listen. References Alderson P. (2008) Young Children’s Rights; Exploring Beliefs, Principles and Practice. (2nd edition) London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Hornby A .S. (1995). Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press Miller J. (2003). Never Too Young; How Young Children can Take Responsibility and Make Decisions. London: Save the Children. Ministry of Social Development. (2003). Involving Children. New Zealand: Ministry of Social Development. Participation Works Partnership. (2012). What is Participation? [Online]. Available from: http://www.participationworks.org.uk/topics/rights/participation-rights [Accessed 27 November 2012]. Scott F et al. (2008). HNC Early Education & Childcare. Essex: Pearson Education Ltd. Unicef. (n.d). Fact Sheet: A summary of the rights under the convention on the rights of the child. [Online]. Available from: http://www.unicef.org/crc/files/Rights_overview.pdf [Accessed 27 November 2012].

Developmental Psychology essays

Developmental Psychology essays There are three main theories of development that I shall discuss in this assignment, Cognitive, the main theorist being, Piaget, (1896 1980), The, Psychosocial Theory, Erikson, (1902 1994), and, The Psychosexual, of, Freud, (1856 1939). Cognitive Psychology draws the comparison between the human mind and a computer, suggesting that we like the computer process the information we acquire from around us and then react accordingly. Hearnshaw, (1987), claims that Cognitive Psychology is both one of the oldest and also one of the newest parts of Psychology, cited in T. Malim, (1994). Information is collected through our senses i.e. vision, touch, smell etc and then processed through our brain. Cognitive Psychologists largely seek explanations of Cognitive development, memory, attention, artificial intelligence, perception and social cognition. The methods used are usually Laboratory experiments under controlled circumstances i.e. memory tests, and, Case studies. Piaget, (J), (1896-1980), carried out case studies on his own children to study the stages of cognitive development. Piaget concluded that the child was an organism which adapts to the environment, he also studied with the opinion that all children went through the same set stages of development and that there were no individual differences. Piagets Stages of Development: - The Sensorimotor stage, (0-2): - Early in the sensorimotor stage the child is entirely egocentric, everything is an extension to the self, they cant distinguish themselves from their environment. The child has no concept of past or future all it is aware of is the here and now. The child relies entirely on its senses i.e. sight, hearing, touch. It is believed by Cognitive Psychologists that ..... To begin with, a baby will rely on in-built behaviours for sucking, c...

Links Ideas Together in French With Conjunctions

Links Ideas Together in French With Conjunctions Introduction to French Conjunctions Conjunctions provide a link between similar words or groups of words, such as nouns, verbs, people and things. There are two types of French conjunctions: coordinating and subordinating.   1. Coordinating conjunctions join words and groups of words with an equal value.   Ã‚  Jaime les pommes et les oranges.I like apples and oranges.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Je veux le faire, mais je nai pas dargent.I want to do it, but I dont have any money. 2. Subordinating conjunctions join dependent clauses to main clauses.   Ã‚  Jai dit que jaime les pommes.I said that I like apples.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Il travaille pour que vous puissiez manger.He works so that you can eat. French Coordinating Conjunctions Coordinating conjunctions join words and groups of words of equal value that  have the same nature or the same function in the sentence. In the case of individual words, this means that they must be the same part of speech. If theyre clauses, they must be similar or complementary tenses/moods. These are frequently used French coordinating conjunctions: car  Ã‚  for, becausedonc  Ã‚  soensuite  Ã‚  nextet  Ã‚  andmais  Ã‚  butor  Ã‚  now, yetou  Ã‚  orou  bien  Ã‚  or elsepuis  Ã‚  then ExamplesJaime les pommes, les bananes  et  les oranges.I like apples, bananas,  and  oranges.- Pommes,  bananes, and  oranges  are all fruits (nouns).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Veux-tu  aller  en France  ou  en  Italie  ?Do you want to go to France  or  Italy?- France  and  Italy  are both places (nouns).   Ã‚  Ce  nest  pas carrà ©Ã‚  mais  rectangulaire.Its not square  but  rectangular.- Carrà ©Ã‚  and  rectangulaire  are both adjectives.   Ã‚  Je veux le faire,  mais  je nai pas dargent.I want to do it,  but  I dont have any money.- Je  veux  le  faire  and  je  nai  pas  dargent  are present  tense.   Ã‚  Fais tes devoirs,  puis  lave la vaisselle.Do your homework,  then  wash the dishes.- Fais  tes  devoirs  and  lave la  vaisselle  are both commands. Note:  French children learn the mnemonic Mais oà ¹ est  donc  Ornicar  ?  to help them remember the most common French coordinating conjunctions- mais,  ou,  et,  donc,  or,  ni  and  car. Repeated Coordinating Conjunctions Certain French coordinating conjunctions can be repeated in front of each of the joined items for emphasis: et...et   both...andne...ni... ni   neither...norou...ou  Ã‚  either...orsoit...soit  Ã‚  either...or   Ã‚  Ã‚  Je  connais  et  Jean-Paul  et  son frà ¨re.I know  both  Jean-Paul  and  his brother.- Jean-Paul  and  son frà ¨re  are both people (nouns). Note that for the negative coordinating conjunction  ne...ni...ni, the word  ne  goes in front of the verb, just like the  ne  in other  negative structures. French Subordinating Conjunctions Subordinating conjunctions join dependent (subordinate) clauses to main clauses. A dependent clause cannot stand alone because its meaning is incomplete without the main clause. In addition, sometimes the dependent clause has a verb form that cannot stand alone. There are some frequently used French subordinate conjunctions: comme  Ã‚  as, sincelorsque  Ã‚  whenpuisque  Ã‚  since, asquand  Ã‚  whenque  Ã‚  thatquoique*  Ã‚  even thoughsi  Ã‚  if *Note that  quoique  must be followed by the  subjunctive.*For subordinating conjunctions like  afin  que  and  parce  que, see  conjunctive phrases. ExamplesJai dit  que  jaime  les  pommes.I said  that  I like apples.The main clause is  jai  dit. What did I say? Jaime  les  pommes.  Jaime  les  pommes  is incomplete without  jai  dit. I might not in fact like apples, but I said that I did.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Comme  tu  nes  pas prà ªt,  jy  irai  seul.Since  youre not ready, Ill go alone.The main clause is  jy  irai  seul. Why will I go alone?  Because  tu  nes  pas prà ªt. The idea here is not that I want to go alone, but the fact that I will go alone  since  youre not ready.   Ã‚  Si  je suis libre, je tamà ¨nerai laà ©roport.If  Im free, Ill take you to the airport.The main clause is  je tamà ¨nerai laà ©roport. Is this guaranteed? No, only  si  je  suis  libre. If something else comes up, I cant take you.   Ã‚  Jai  peur  quand  il voyage.I am scared  when  he travels.The main clause is  jai  peur. When am I scared? Not all the time, only  quand  il voyage. So  jai  peur  is incomplete without the juxtaposition  quand  il voyage. French Conjunctive Phrases A conjunctive phrase is a group of two or more words that function as a conjunction. French conjunctive phrases usually end in  que,  and most are subordinating conjunctions. condition  que*  Ã‚  provided thatafin  que*  Ã‚  so thatainsi  que  Ã‚  just as, so asalors  que  Ã‚  while, whereas  mesure  que  Ã‚  as (progressively)  moins  que**  Ã‚  unlessaprà ¨s  que  Ã‚  after, when supposer  que*  Ã‚  assuming thatau  cas  oà ¹Ã‚  Ã‚  in caseaussità ´t  que  Ã‚  as soon asavant  que**  Ã‚  beforebien  que*  Ã‚  althoughdans  lhypothà ¨se oà ¹Ã‚  Ã‚  in the event thatde  crainte  que**  Ã‚  for fear thatde faà §on  que*  Ã‚  in such a way thatde manià ¨re  que*  Ã‚  so thatde mà ªme  que  Ã‚  just asde  peur  que**  for fear thatdepuis  que  Ã‚  sincede  sorte  que*  Ã‚  so that, in such a way thatdà ¨s  que  Ã‚  as soon asen  admettant  que*  Ã‚  assuming thaten attendant  que*  Ã‚  while, untilencore  que*  Ã‚  even thoughjusqu  ce  que*  Ã‚  untilparce  que  Ã‚  becausependant  que  Ã‚  whilepour  que*  Ã‚  so thatpourvuà ‚  que*  Ã‚  provided thatquand  bien  mà ªme  Ã‚  even though/ifquoi  que*  Ã‚  whatever, no matter whatsans  que**  Ã‚  withoutsità ´t  que  Ã‚  as soon assupposà ©Ã‚  que*  Ã‚  supposingtant  que   as or so much as / as long astandis  que  Ã‚  while, whereasvu  que  Ã‚  seeing as/that *These conjunctions must be followed by the  subjunctive.**These conjunctions require the  subjunctive  and  ne  explà ©tif. ExamplesIl travaille  pour que  vous puissiez manger.He works  so that  you can eat.The main clause is  il  travaille. Why does he work?  Pour  que  vous  puissiez  manger. The idea here is not that you can eat, but the fact that you can eat  because  he works. Another clue is that  vous  puissiez  manger  cannot stand alone; the  subjunctive  is only found in subordinate clauses.   Ã‚  Jai rà ©ussi lexamen  bien que  je naie pas à ©tudià ©.I passed the test  even though  I didnt study.The main clause is  jai  rà ©ussi   lexamen. How did I pass the test? Certainly not by studying, since  je  nai  pas à ©tudià ©. So  jai  rà ©ussi   lexamen  is incomplete without the juxtaposition  bien  que  je  naie  pas à ©tudià ©.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Il est  parti  parce  quil  avait  peur.He left  because  he was afraid.The main clause is  il est  parti. Why did he leave?  Because  il  avait  peur. The idea  il  avait  peur  is incomplete without the main clause  il est  parti.

Discussion 1,2 and 3 for cis classes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion 1,2 and 3 for cis classes - Essay Example less fluctuating data rates and connectivity .The disadvantages D.S.L line can have are they are wired connections, though the wireless routers can solve this problem but the range of wireless routers is limited to a few hundred meters. Optic fiber: The advantages of fiber optic access are reliable transmission and even in rough weathers it can ensure transmission, however the drawback with fiber optic communication is the availability of infrastructure and is relatively expensive Other sources include Wi-fi from a remote spot, Wimax, advantages to both are ,they provide fast and on the go connectivity, drawbacks can be ,the air medium since transmission is in the form of waves, distortions are likely to be part of system Wimax is a 4th Generation Telecommunication Technology and is acronym for Worldwide Interoperability Microwave Access. It offers number of features and in a way has revolutionized the means of connectivity. Operating in Giga Hertz frequency band, it provides higher data rates, more secure transmissions, less disruptions, it provides data rates as high as 10 Mbps or above ,there are few drawbacks attached to use of Wimax , since all the transmission is based on air waves( unlike D.S.L where optic fiber is used) rough weather can disrupt transmission and can bring about fluctuations .Customer Premises Equipment ( C.P.E) the hardware equipment that is necessary for Wimax connection is slightly expensive .When the source is at a considerable distance from the C.P.E ,loss in quality can be experienced. 3. Explain whether you think professional organizations are embracing Wimax technologies or are reluctant to implement it on a large scale. What is the reasoning for your perspective and what do you feel to be the future outlook on this technology? Large number of organizations and enterprises are fast embracing Wimax as medium for communication and performing daily activities .There are number of reasons to it. The first and foremost is the fast

Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Law - Essay Example The ways in which a defendant may interfere with the interests of the claimant is either by affecting materially his land or affecting his use or enjoyment of land or the interference with the servitudes and similar rights over the land. The most important case in respect of material interference with property and interference with use or enjoyment and their distinction was St Helens Smelting Co. v. Tipping1 whereby the House of Lords that the surrounding circumstances were important but there were different provisions when the concern was in respect of material injury to the said property. There had been different reasons which had been attribute to such a reasoning a few included that greater protection was offered to the prior aspect of property than to enjoyment derived from the property or the ease of quantifying. The next issue that needs to be considered in respect of nuisance is material damage to property and whether the defendant is held liable for such material damage. The important aspect in respect of nuisance which relates to this question is that of interference with the use or enjoyment of land. It is important to mention that not every interference in respect of enjoyment of property is held to be actionable as can be seen in the judgment of Vice-Chancellor in Walter v. Selfe2 that the inconvenience must be ‘considered in fact as more than fanciful, more than one of mere delicacy or fastidiousness, as an inconvenience materially interfering with the ordinary comfort...of human existence, not merely according to elegant or dainty modes and habits of living, but according to plain and sober and simple notions among the English people’. Thus a balance must be struck with enjoyment of use of occupier and his neighbour (Halsey v. Esso Petroleum Co, Ltd.)3. The interference is dependent on reasonableness which in turn is dependent on a number factors that duration of the interference, sensitivity of the plaintiff, character of neighbourh ood and fault of the defendant. The first aspect is that of duration which should be appreciable. (Cunard v. Antifyre Ltd. where it was said to be substantial length of time)4 . However, in Harrison v. Southwark and Vauxhall Water Co.5 it was stated that something which would normally constitute to be nuisance would because of its temporary and useful nature be excused. As far as sensitivity is considered, the courts would not allow a claim for an abnormal sensitivity of the claimant or his property which makes a undisruptive activity to be harmful to the defendant. The next aspect is that of character of the neighbourhood which as stated in St Helens is not to be considered in respect of cases which deal with physical damage to property, however, it is applicable to cases where the interference is in respect of enjoyment or use. In Sturges v. Bridgman Thesiger LJ stated ‘Whether anything is a nuisance or not is a question to be determined, not merely by an abstract considerat ion of the thing itself, but in reference to its circumstances; what would be a nuisance in Belgrave Square would not necessarily be so in Bermondsey; and where a locality is devoted to a particular trade or manufacture carried on by the traders and manufacturers in a particular established manner not constituting a public nuisance. Judges and juries would be justified in finding, and may be trusted to find, that the trade or manufacture so carried on in that locality is not a private or actionable wrong.’

Finance - write up a executive summary and recommendation Essay

Finance - write up a executive summary and recommendation - Essay Example These expenses are related to the land bought to expand business in future. The dilemma with the management of the company is what should be done with this land. They have two options; first option is that they can sell off this land for an impressive amount of $235,000 and also save the increasing annual maintenance expenses @3% which is $16,000 at the moment. The second option with the management is to use this land in expanding the existing business by setting up a new spray booth and workshop. This report provides an analysis and evaluation of these two options in hand for FBSR. We have used the capital budgeting tools such as Net present value (NPV), operating cash flow and sensitivity analysis in order to determine the feasibility of the options available at hand. The relevant calculations, with respect to each of the analysis technique used, can be found in the appendices. Our analysis is all depending on John’s assumptions which means our belief is the probability of a ssumption would range from NPV various. Within this analysis of the insurance project of the business, operation cash flow and profitability is the decide the feasibility of business. it’s the company’s choice of whether or not to take the insurance project in the business. Meanwhile, 10% increase or decrease in revenue and wages & maintenance fee of is under concern.

The Roles And Responsibilities Of The Design Team Construction Essay

The Roles And Responsibilities Of The Design Team Construction Essay Interior Designer Interior designers are sometimes used on contracts where the internal finish and dà ©cor is important or of a prestigious nature. Some high-profile house building projects or city-centre apartment conversions have been developers in conjunction with interior designers who can add considerable value to a project. Quantity Surveyor Quantity surveyors accurately determine the amount of materials needed to build the project. They prepare a bill of quantities establishing a record of all the materials needed and identify all the information necessary to draft out a specification of the works. The quantity surveyor can then advise and guide the architect or the client on the cost of the job, check tenders and evaluate any costs as work proceeds. Landscape Architect The landscape architect is sometimes contracted to design the external environment of the project. As with interior design, the landscape can be enhanced by a specialist to improve the completed project. Resident Engineer Resident Engineers are based close to the construction works, on the construction site itself. They report back to the structural engineer and the architect on the matters relating to the structure and the load-bearing components that have been designed by the structural engineer. Structural Engineer Structural Engineers determine the design of loadbearing elements of the building and ensure that each component is designed to safely withstand the loads that are imposed on the building. Structural engineers typically work for the client but are frequently engaged by the architect to inform and supervise the design and installation of structural elements as work proceeds. They work very closely with the architectural technologist and the principal contractor. Building Services Engineer Building services engineers design and implement a range of items into the project that dont improve the resources and the quality of the building. Building services and the effective use of heat, light, acoustics and other electrical appliances have seen significant improvements in recent years and many of these items, such as lifts, escalators, air conditioning and heating and ventilation systems, need to be integrated into the contract drawings at an early stage to avoid conflicts of space or to ensure that the design can accommodate machinery, plant and equipment. Clerk of Works The clerk of works is employed directly by the client, who will want assurance that a contractor is producing a building that meets specification in terms of both materials and workmanship. The clerk of works also reports to the architect on progress of the construction works. Clerks of works do not issue instructions and do not have authority to impose variations or changes to the design but will need to inspect the works as it proceeds and hence need to visit the site frequently. On some larger sites, a clerk of works will have a resident office and spend their entire working time there. Contractor Contractors perform many duties on site and thus they are in the best position to ensure that site activities are carried out safely. Contractors must ensure that subcontractors have information about risks on the site and that all workers and operatives working on the project have adequate training and a suitable induction to site procedures. Task 3 Explain the roles and responsibilities of the production team. (Identify then describe the members of a production team, this is the team that will produce the building from the design) The Production Team Projects Manager Site Manager Quantity Surveyor Site Engineer Task 4 Describe the legal implications that could arise from miscommunication Legal implications that could arise from miscommunication include- In terms of legal position The client is put at the top of any hierarchical chain. However, the client usually tends to place the responsibilities on the architect, the design team and the contractors. To prevent any legal implications, architects are required by law to hold qualifications that show that they completely understand the principles of design and can build a sufficiently strong structure. They must also comply with the legislations such as planning, building regulations and management regulations and the disabled and disabilities act. Furthermore, architects are required to have adequate public liability insurance to protect any third parties from any defects or problems related with their work. Task 5 Changes made are window size have been increased (communicate this to the production team) Write letter to (proof and backup needed, when communication has taken place) Paragraph on the different communications Produce a written communication between design and production team- Write sample letter to product team about change in window size Tell building to leave gaps for the windows (bigger gaps) Who needs to be told? QS Because specification will change Task 6 Describe a modern method of construction look for a sustainable method employing timber or a technological product. Describe what methods and components could be used to construct each type of building- Why is there a need for these different methods and components? Merit Criteria Task 7- Obtain a copy of RIBA current plan of works, how does it work? What are its merits? The benefits of using the RIBA plan of work are that it is easily understood, it is a well-planned, coordinated structured approach. What are all the stages? How will the team members be coordinated to complete the project? RIBA Plan of works Feasibility phase- Inception Feasibility At this stage of the plan, the architect will work closely with the client to determine and prepare the requirements of the building project. Architects will provide clients with an appraisal and recommendation so that they can determine the form in which the project is to proceed, ensuring that it is feasible both in technical and financial terms. Pre-construction phase- Outline proposals Scheme design At this stage, the architect will usually have determined through sketch plans the layout, design and construction in order to obtain approval of the client on the outline proposals and accompanying report. To complete the brief and decide on particular proposals, including planning arrangements and appearance, constructional method, outline specification and cost, the architect will then draft plans and drawings for submission to the local authority to obtain all approvals such as building control and planning consent. Detail design At this stage, the architect will have to obtain final decisions on all matters related to design, specification, construction and cost. BVy creating working drawings and finalising the full designs of every part and component of the building, the architect draws together the construction team. Meetingds of the team will take place to discuss and decide materials, finishings, services, contributions by specialist firms and a range of other matters relating to the finalising of the building. It is important that any changes or modifications to the scheme are noted and accommodated so that everyone can be updated and work from the latest drawings. Changes can be accommodates at this stage, although they may result in increased costs due to the scheme being planned on an early proposal. Production information This part of the plan includes the preparation of product information used in the building, the drafting of bills of quantities, tender documents and project planning materials such as the programme of works showing duration of activities and the time taken to create the building itself. This is a very important stage in the process and particular care must be taken to ensure accuracy of the work involved in drawings and specifications so that the contractors undertaking the building work have all the necessary information to hand to complete the work to the appropriate standard. Drawings require at this stage include a location plan of where the work is found, a layout drawing of the construction site itself and a general arrangement drawing that shows the layout of the work to be done. From these drawings, a series of schedules and specifications will be drafted to provide any necessary additional information. Bills of quantity Specifications are dealt with in more detail later on, but their link with the bills of quantities is important. Bills of quantities are prepared by a quantity surveyor who reads the drawings and determines the quantities and amounts of materials needed to complete the constructions work. Any part of the building that is not yet finalised or has missing information can be allocated a provisional or prime cost so that there is an amount for the work to take place is allocated even when the actual cost or amount to do this work may be finalised some time later. If the architect has not yet appointed a construction contractor or team to complete the works onsite, discussions at this stage will begin to determine an appropriate company or contractor to appoint who is capable of undertaking the work. Tender The idea of tendering is to allow the client an opportunity to present a batch of work or a construction contract to contractors who learn about the complexity, the stages of construction, the limits and the constraints anticipated within the work so that a realistic and accurate price can be calculated by the contractors. The contractors then identify the price of the works and the client chooses the contractor best suited and able to do the work. Frequently, the cheapest tender or quote is selected as this can represent best value for the client. For some work selective tendering may take place, where a architect and quantity surveyor invite contractors that are either known to them or have an established reputation for completing work similar to the one they are working on, to tender. Again, the cheapest quote is most commonly selected in this process. Contractors may be approached so that they tender an interest in the work. Sometimes a pre-tender meeting may be held with contractors and the complexity and the details of the work can be communicated to the contractors so that the contractors, the architect and he client can satisfy themselves that they are all capable of completing the work within the appointed timescale and budget. A letter of invitation to tender can then be issued together with all relevant drawings, specifications and bills the contractors can then visit the site of works and the contractor will determine and cost the project. Tenders are returned to the architect at an agreed date and time. Initial comparison of the tenders received from different contractors takes place by the architect and sometimes this includes the client or their representative. This analysis of the tenders usually results in the lowest priced tender winning the contract and being appointed as the contractor. Construction phase- Project planning This is where the work to produce the building starts on the building itself. Contract documents are prepared and signed. At a project planning meeting, the architect will usually clarify any points undecided at this stage and agree anyfurther contractual points. Contractors draft a programme of works that illustrates the milestones and the total duration of the work. Key milestones include taking possession of the site, dates of the project progress meeting and other key dates that are achieved during the lifetime of the contract. The contractor is expected to sign the contract documents at this stage, which include: A copy of the contract A full set of construction drawings Bills of quantities Specifications A register of drawings Site diary and associated report forms Site operations The site is officially handed over to the contractor who can begin construction-related operations. The site is now the responsibility of the contractor who has to comply with all the legislative requirements and legal constraints. The contractor should be informed of any rights of way, preservation orders, protection requirements and any other environmental issues that need to be considered in terms of the work and the activities on site in the months ahead. the contractor has a duty to ensure the appropriate site supervision of all those involved in activities onsite. a clerk of works will check on behalf of the client and the architect that the contractor is complying and building the project to the appropriate standards of materials and workmanship. samples are taken of various materials, sometimes by a specific request from the architect and other times by established practice in some cases, such as the sampling of concrete which is regularly tested by way of a slump test to ensure workability when it arrives on site, and its strength assessed by testing to destruction samples at regular intervals after the concrete has been placed. brickwork panels are sometimes erected to enable the architect and the client to see what the brickwork will eventually look like. tiles, blocks, panels, etc. may also be subject to a request that the contractor builds a mock-up or sample panel for viewing by the architect and the client so that the quality and the desired finish of the work can be ascertained and ensured. The contractors duties at this stage of the plan are to work diligently on the construction works adhering to all relevant health, safety and welfare legislation. the contractor is also expected to maintain a site diary to record relevant information about the progress of the construction works. typically, a site diary will include information on: weather conditions visitors on site for the period any deliveries of materials to site progress of work to date personnel onsite including subcontractors any comments and notes taken about the work undertaken Discrepancies and any inconsistencies in contract documents. Completion as the building starts to take shape, the contractor may be required to hand over part of the building to the client. the actual date of handover is planned and any outstanding issues relating to the construction works can be determined and a solution found. the period of notice required varies from site to site, but usually adequate notice is required in order to prepare the area and any other supporting documentation. the client should be in a position to accept the building for its proper use so the architect will usually insist on inspecting the area and determining for themselves that the work is to the appropriate standard of materials and workmanship, that all services and equipment are functioning appropriately and effectively and that the as-built record drawings are a true record of the actual building. the building manual which in the case of a simple domestic dwelling or house will be simple could extend to a complex and detailed manual of several volumes for an industrial or more intricate commercial building. a certificate of practical completion can be issued by the architect to the contractor which then enables the contractor to claim monies due for the construction work and address any defects and snags that have arisen so far. at this stage, the contractor has effectively completed the construction stage and has no responsibilities for the insurance of the building or its works. When all defects or amendments or outstanding issues are addressed, the architect will issue a final certificate and the account will be adjusted for variations, subsequent instructions and fluctuations in labour and materials prices and/or costs Feedback the final part of the riba plan is to analyse and evaluate the progress of what was expected with what was actually delivered. architects will need to determine what has happened in order to achieve better performance in the future. typically, an analysis and evaluation could include the following: what does the client think of the completed building? Does the building function effectively? What parts of the design were particularly successful or problematic? Could this design process have been undertaken differently and have provided a better service to the contractor or the client? What relationship and communication existed between the design team and the construction team? How could these be improved in the future? Did the contractor meet all the performance targets in a timely and effective manner? Did the design process run smoothly? If not, why? Was the job profitable and was the contract fulfilled? Why will my company use RIBA and what happens if it is altered or not adhered to. Why the company will use RIBA The riba plan is usually accepted as the most suitable plan, although many other types of plan are acceptable for smaller building projects or for instances where the riba plan may be too inflexible when conditions change frequently. The RIBA plan of work is known for being well planned, coordinated, and known for having a structured approach. Task 8- Compare the methods available for communication, for example, advantages and disadvantages of each. Explain why the contractor must implement these changes Distinction Criteria Task 9 Analyse and discuss in detail the RIBA plan of work in terms of handling a design change after work has started. Evaluate the effectiveness of the plan from design to construction phase and provide examples of the plans flexibility to resolve changes of design quickly. Include how these changes are quantified.